76 SOCIAL SCIENTIST ing the copy into agreement with the object too. It is by no means an arbitrary ^productions of the subject. Quantum mechanics is formulated in a fully causal form, that is, fully deterministic way. But this new determinism is different from the absolute mechanical determinism which operates at the level of states of a macroscopic system. With the passage from the macroscopic to microscopic systems the nature of determinism essentially changes. If certain answers from nature are ambiguous we should not necessarily accuse Nature of duplicity or indeterminism, but we should rather suppose that our questions are badly put and insufficiently precise, and that we must modify them or make new ones. Among scientists, a not infrequent opinion is that positivism with all its various modifications, is essentially a method., and therefore it cannot alter our conviction that an independent physical reality obviously exists. This opinion would make positivism entirely irrelevent to the problem of solving the difficulties of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity. These problems can only be tackled by some materialist philosophy. Dialectical Materialism and Science This materialist philosophy is the Dialectical Materialist Philosophy of Science, which the development of sciences in the last one hundred years has shown to be the only satisfactory philosophy of science, capable not only of a, description of the knowable, but also of predicting new objects and phenomena. According to Dialectical Materialism, nature exists externally and independently of our consciousness, and is projected into consciousness through our senses. According to Engles, Nature is by no means an accidental collection of objects and phenomena which are mutually separated, isolated and independent. It consists of one thing that is mutually related, dependent, restrictive and connected The all of nature from the smallest elements to the largest, has its existence, in the eternal coming into being and passing away, in ceaselesflux in unresting motion and change. The dialectical materialist view of nature described above is not one,, imposed on nature but is the one abstracted out of the latest discoveries of science till about 1870. The discoveries in sciences since then have only confirmed the above dialectical view. It has not contradicted it. Dialectical Materialism insists on the approximate, relative character of every scientific theory of the structure of matter and its properties^ it insists on the absence of absolute boundaries in nature, on the transformation of moving matter from one form into another. According to the Japanese physicist, Soichi Sakata: Current science has found that in nature there exist qualitatively different levels'—a series of levels such as elementary particles— atoms molecules—masses—heavenly bodies—nebulae. These levels form various qualitative modes of existence of matter in general.