VI.A. Mughal Expansion and Consolidation

VI.A.1. (a) Northern South Asia in the period of Bābur, Humāyūn, and Sher Shāh, 1526–1555; (b) Major states of Northern South Asia, 1526–1555, and principal military cam- paigns of the Mughals, 1525–1538; (c) Northern South Asia during the reign of Akbar, 1556–1605; (d) The Mughal remains at Fathpur Sīkrī (large scale plan); (e) Mughal expansion under Akbar, 1556–1605 44

VI.A.2. The Mughal Empire, c. 1605: (a) Territorial organization and revenue assessment; (b) Territorial subdivisions of Delhī (Delhi) sarkār; (c) Allocation of zamīndārī possessions by parganas of Delhī (Delhi) sarkār. Table: Excerpt from the Ā'īn-i-Akbarī relating to the sarkār of Delhi. Chart: Administrative organization. Photographs: Coins of the reign of Akbar 45

VI.A.3. (a) The reigns of Jahāngīr, Shāh Jahān, and Aurangzīb, 1605–1707; (b) Major Hindu states of the late 17th century; (c) Muslim states of the period 1605–1707. Dynastic chronology. Charts: Marāthā administrative systems under Shivājī and under the Peshwās 46

VI.A.4. (a) Religious and cultural sites of the Mughal Period, 1526–1707; (b) Sūfī orders, shrines, and associated saints, early 16th–early 18th century; (c) Saints and poet saints of the Bhakti movement, early 16th–early 18th century. Photograph: painting of scene from the Hariva&mtod;śa, c. 1590 47

VI.A.5. Monuments of South Asia, c. 1550–1700 (nine photographs) 48

VI.B. European Trade and Expansion on the Periphery of South Asia

VI.B.1. Discovery, exploration, trade, and colonization, 1486– 1700. Adapted map: The Behaim globe of 1492 and its sources 49

VI.B.2. European–South Asian commercial contacts, 16th–18th centuries 50

VI.B.3–4. European mapping of South Asia in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries (facsimiles of all or parts of eleven maps).

Facsimile of excerpt from the "General Description of East India" in the 1636–38 English edition of the Mercator-Hondius world Atlas 51–52

VI.B.5. Early European establishments on the coast of India: Facsimiles of three town plans (17th and 18th centuries) and of a plan of the Dutch factory at Palakollu (late 17th century).

Facsimiles of engraved pictorial views of three European establishments 53

VII.A. Territorial Changes

VII.A.1. (a) Mughal disintegration and the rise of regional powers, 1707–1766; (b) Maratha expansion, 1708–c. 1800; (c) The Carnatic campaigns, 1740–1763 54

VII.A.2. (a) The expansion of British power, 1766–1819;

(b) Misls of the Sikh Confederacy, late 18th century; (c) The expansion and partition of Mysore, 1749–1799; (d) Gurkha expansion and the Anglo-Nepali War, 1760–1816; (e) Stages in the expansion of British power to 1819 55

VII.A.3. (a) The expansion of British power, 1819–1857; (b) Burmese expansion and decline, c. 1750–1857; (c) Events in Punjab, Kashmir, and Afghanistan, 1819–1857; (d) Stages in the expansion of British power, 1819–1857 56

VII.A.4–5. British mapping of India, 1788, 1824, and 1856 (Facsimiles of two portions of each of three maps of India, including areas around Calcutta and Delhi) 57–58

VII.A.6. Systematization of British geographic knowledge of India: (a) Facsimiles of road map from Rennell's Memoir of a Map of Hindustan and of first page of the introduction to that text. (b) Facsimile of a portion of a map depicting early triangulation of India. (c) Facsimile of a portion of a sheet of the Indian Atlas of J. and C. Walker, covering the area around Delhi. (d) Facsimile of a cadastral map of an Indian revenue village (mauza) 59

VII.B. India at the Time of the 1857 Revolt

VII.B.1. (a) Administrative divisions, 1857, with community of rulers of native states; (b) Major political divisions 60

VII.B.2. (a) India and Ceylon, economy, 1857; with graphs showing imports and exports of treasure and merchandise from 1834 to 1874 and revenue of British India, 1856–57, by sources, and table of mid-19th century population estimates and enumerated populations as of 1872. (b) Systems of land revenue settlement. (c) Allocation of zamīndārī estates, by parganas, in a portion of the North-Western Provinces [around Delhi], 1844 61

VII.B.3. (a) The Revolt of 1857–1859; (b) Dispositions of army troops 1857 and 1867. Graph: Armies of the three presidencies, 1857 and 1867. Chronology of the Revolt 62

VIII.A. Rounding Out the Empire

VIII.A.1. Events related to the fixing of modern South Asian frontiers: (a) Major events in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, North- West Frontier Province, and adjoining areas, 1857–1935; (b) Disturbances along the North-West Frontier of India, 1857–1935; (c) Major events in Burma and along the North-East Frontier of India, 1857–1935; (d) Modern exploration beyond the frontiers of India, 1819–1914; (e) The frontiers of Tibet. Chronology of major events relating to exploration beyond the frontiers of India, 1774–1913 63

VIII.A.2. (a) The march of imperialism in Asia, 1800–1947; (b) The British Commonwealth in July 1947 64

VIII.B. Internal Territorial Reorganization and Constitutional Development

VIII.B.1. Territorial and administrative changes, 1857–1904 65

VIII.B.2. (a) The Bengal partition and related territorial and administrative changes, 1905; (b) The reunification of Bengal and related territorial and administrative changes, 1912; (c) Territorial and administrative changes, 1913–1947 66

VIII.B.3. Constitutional development: Evolution of the central legislature: (a) Allocation of seats in the Legislative Council, Indian Councils Act of 1909 (with inset on changes as per Act of 1913); (b) Allocation of seats in the Central legislature, Govern- ment of India Act of 1919; (c) Allocation of seats in the Federal legislature, Government of India Act of 1935. Six graphs showing allocation of seats nationally, according to the several Acts. Graph: Composition of population, Census of 1931 67

VIII.B.4. Constitutional development: Evolution of provincial legislatures: (a)–(c) Allocation of seats in provincial legislatures, according to the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (with inset on changes as per Act of 1913), the Government of India Act of 1919, and the Government of India Act of 1935. Graphs showing governmental organization of British India under each of the three Acts 68

VIII.C. The Indian Renaissance and the Freedom Movement

VIII.C.1. (a) Modern religious revival and reform movements; (b) Centers of South Asian religious movements abroad 69

VIII.C.2. Political events of the nationalist period, 1879–1947. Chronology of events leading to independence. Chronology of pre-Congress and pre-Muslim League organizations 70

VIII.C.3. (a) The Indian National Congress: Presidents and annual sessions, 1885–1971; (b) Pre-independence political parties in the provinces; (c) Ceylonese political organizations and events, 1908–1948. Chronologies: Congress positions on self-rule; Minor political parties and organizations, 1912–1946; Political events and constitutional reform in Ceylon, 1833–1948 71