-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library

Schwartzberg Atlas, v. , p. 269.

CONVENTIONS AND NOTES FOR TABLES ON INDIAN ELECTIONS

Lok Sabha Elections (a series)

Data for states and union territories are grouped by region ("zone") following the same sequence as was adopted for the "Political Conspectus of South Asia" in the end-cover pocket of the atlas. (This provides a better sense of the regional flavor of Indian politics than would an alphabetical ordering.) Parties are ordered, to the extent practic- able, according to their position from left to right on the political spectrum. They are grouped as follows: those clearly to the left of the Congress party (INC and/or INCI), the INC and its various derivative parties (INCI, INCU, etc.), other parties designated as "national," all other parties (officially designated, as are many small parties left of Congress, as "state parties"), and independents. The "all other parties" category consists mainly of those repre- senting the interests of particular ethnic groups or social strata and cannot be meaningfully arrayed from left to right. All parties are identified by initials, the key to which is provided below, Minor parties are not always explicitly identified; in columns that lack a specific party heading, a minor party is identified only when: (a) one or more of its candidates was elected, (b) its candidates contested more than a fourth of all seats in a particular state or union territory, or (c) it received more than 5% of all the votes cast in a given election within a particular state or union territory.

Columns headed "C" and "W" respectively refer to seats contested and won by particular parties; the latter, as well as the total number of seats to be filled, are indicated throughout in bold figures. When the figure "0" appears in a C Column, it is not repeated in the following W column. When a figure appears in a C column without a party's being identified therein, that signifies that one or more parties put up the number of candidates noted, but that none of them met any of the criteria of importance specified in the previous paragraph.

Figures on percentage of total vote polled are normally given only for the two leading parties, correct to the nearest integer. Although independents collectively sometimes received more votes than any party or more than the second ranking party, figures for their percentage of the total are given only when: (a) there is only one party contending, or (b) a single independent candidate (invariably in a small state or union territory) scores more votes than the total for the first or second party, in which case that individual's share of the total vote is cited.

In tabulating the Lok Sabha elections of 1989 and 1991, some of the foregoing rules could not be completely followed because of lack of relevant data; in such cases footnotes stipulate the necessary qualifications.

State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Elections (b series)

Assembly election tables are arranged chronologically; but among those held simultaneously the sequence of presentation of states and union territories conforms, to the extent practicable, to that used in presenting the Lok Sabha results. Similarly, the ordering of parties follows the political spectrum from left to right, as for the Lok Sabha elections, except that the "other national" and regional parties are grouped. Parties identified include only those that won one or more seats. No data are provided to indicate the number of seats contested by specific parties (though that can be inferred in numerous instances when all the seats in a particular area are won by a single party). The rules for identifying minor parties conform to those indicated for the Lok Sabha elections. The percentage of all votes won by the party with the largest number of votes (not necessarily the one winning the most seats) in a state or union territory is given to the nearest integer.

In tables relating to Assembly elections, "–" signifies that in a given state or union territory no candidates were fielded by the party or group of parties being considered; "0" signifies that one or more candidates ran, but that none was elected. The absence of either a number or a dash signifies that a party cited at the head of a particular column did not exist at the time of the election in question. In Assembly tables nonnational parties are identified for particular states and union territories only in those cases in which they won one or more seats.

Tabulations of Assembly elections subsequent to 1985 depart somewhat from the above rules; in such cases, footnotes stipulate the necessary qualifications.

Abbreviations for Political Parties

N.B. The initials used in this table generally conform to those used by the Indian Election Commission, but some departures have been made for editorial reasons.

AB, Amra Bangali Party

ADK, Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

ADKJ, Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Jayalalitha)

AGP, Asom Gana Parishad

AHL, All Party Hill Leaders Conference

ASDC, Autonomous State Demand Council

BAC, Bangla Congress

BBC, Bharatiya Biplabi Communist Party

BJP, Bharatiya Janata Party

BJS, All India Bharatiya Jan Sangh

BKD, Bharatiya Kranti Dal

BLD, Bharatiya Lok Dal (Janata Party)

BSP, Bahujan Samaj Party

CFD, Congress for Democracy

CPI, Communist Party of India

CPM, Communist Party of India (Marxist)

DDP, Doordarshi Party

DMK, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

DP, Democratic Party (in Mizoram)

DSP, Democratic Socialist Party

FBL, All India Forward Bloc

FBM, All India Forward Bloc (Marxist)

GKC, Gandhi Kamraj National Congress

GL, India Gorkha League

GNLF, Gorkha National Liberation Front

HMS, Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha

HPD, Hill State People's Democratic Party

HPU, Hill People's Union

HSPDP, Hill State People's Democratic Party

HVP, Haryana Vikas Party

ICJ, Indian Congress (Jagjivan Ram)

IML, All India Muslim League

INC, Indian National Congress

INCI, Indian National Congress (Indira)

INCO, Indian National Congress (Organization)

INCS, Indian National Congress (Socialist)

INCU, Indian National Congress (Urs)

Ind., Independents

IPF, Indian People's Front

IUML, Indian Union Moslem League

JAC, Jana Congress, Orissa

JD, Janata Dal

JDG, Janata Dal, Gujarat

JDS, Janata Dal, Socialist

JKD, Jharkhand Party

JKH, Jharkhand (H) Party

JKN, Jammu and Kashmir National Conference

JKP, All India Jharkhand Party

JKPC, Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference

JMI, Jamait-i-Islami

JMM, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

JNP, Janata Party

JNPC, Janata Party (Secular, Charan Singh)

JNPJ, Janata Party (Jai Prakash)

JNPR, Janata Party (Secular, Raj Narain)

JNPS, Janata Party (Secular)

KC, Kerala Congress

KCB, Kerala Congress (B)

KCJ, Kerala Congress (Joseph Group)

KCM, Kerala Congress (Mani Group)

KCP, Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)

KMLP, Kisan Mazdoor Lok Pasha

KMPP, Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party

KNA, Kuki National Assembly

LDB, Lok Dal (Bahuguna)

LKD, Lok Dal

LDF, Left Democratic Front

LP, All India Labour Party

MAG, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak

MC, Marxist Coordination

MFB, Marxist Forward Bloc

MHU, Manipur Hills-Plains Union

MIM, Majlis- Ittehad Ul-Mussalman

MLO, All India Muslim League (Opposition)

MNF, Mizo National Front

MNFD, Mizo National Front (Democratic)

MRP, Manipur People's Party

MUF, Moslem United Front

MUL, Muslim League

MUM, Muslim Majlis, Uttar Pradesh

NCF, National Conference (Farooq)

NCN, National Convention of Nagaland

NND, Naga National Democratic Party

NNO, Naga National Organization

NPC, Naga People's Council

NPP, Naga People's Party

Oth., Other parties within a given rubric

PBI, Proutist Bloc of India

PDC, Public Demands Implementation Convention

PDP, and unidentified party of Mizoram

PMK, Pattali Makkal Katchi

PPA, People's Party of Arunachal

PPC, People's Conference

PSP, Praja Socialist Party

PTC, Plains Tribal Council of Assam

PWP, Peasants and Workers Party

RCP, Revolutionary Communist Party of India

RMP, Rashtriya Mazdoor Paksha

RPI, Republican Party of India

RPK, Republican Party of India (Khobragade)

RRP, Akhil Bharatiya Ram Raja Parishad

RSP, Revolutionary Socialist Party

SAD, Shiromani Akali Dal

SADM, Shiromani Akali Dal (Mann)

SCR, Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)

SJP, Sikkim Janata Parishad

SKS, Sikkim Sangram Parishad

SOC, Socialist Party

SOP, Socialist Party (Splinter Group)

SPC, Sikkim Prajatantra Congress

SS, Shiv Sena

SSD, Akhil Bharatiya Shoshit Samaj Dal

SSP, Samyuktya Socialist Party

SUC, Socialist Unity Centre of India

SWA, Swatantra Party

TDP, Telugu Desam Party

TUS, Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti

UCP, United Communist Party of India

UDF, United Democratic Front

UHF, United Hills Federation

UMF, United Minorities Front

UTC, Utkal Congress

VHP, Vishal Haryana Party

WBSP, West Bengal Socialist Party

IX.B.1.a-5.a and 7.a-9.a. LOK SABHA ELECTIONS, Supplement. See table on p. 270.

IX.B.5.b. ELECTIONS TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES, February 1974–June 1975

(For conventions and key to abbreviations see column to left.)

Parties Left of INCState/UT Date of Election No. of Seats Turnout (%) CPM CPI SOC Others INC Other National Parties Other Parties Independents LP w. % Votes Uttar Pradesh Feb. '74 424 56.9 2 16 5 SSD 1 215 BJS 61 INCO 10 BKD 106 ML 1 3 INC 32 Oth. 0 HMS 1 SWA 1 Oth. 0 Orissa^a " 146 51.7 3 7 2 Oth. 0 69 SWA 21 Oth. 0 UTC 35 JAC 1 7 INC 37 JKD 1 Oth. 0 Nagaland^a " 60 75.3 - - - - - - UDF 25 NNO 23 12 NND 36 Manipur " 60 84.6 0 6 2 - 13 INCO 0 MRP 20 MHU 12 5 INC 28 KNA 2 Pondicherry^a Mar. '74 30 85.3 1 2 - - 7 INCO 5 ADK 12 DMK 2 1 ADK 28 Gujarat^a June '75 181 60.1 0 0 2 KMLP 12 75 INCO 56 BJS 18 - 15 INC 41 RMP 1 BLD 2

Note: ^aSee Political Conspectus of South Asia for parties and coalitions forming the government following this election.

IX.B.7.a. SIXTH LOK SABHA ELECTION, MARCH 1977

(For conventions and key to abbreviations see column to left.)

Parties to the Left of INCI Other National Parties All Other Parties CPM CPI Others INC INCO JNP^e Leading Party Others IndependentsArea: Zone, State/Union Territory Total No. of Seats Total Candidates % Turnout C W C W C W C W C W C W P C W C W C W Leading Parties with % VotesNORTHERN Jammu and Kashmir 6 29 57.9 0 0 3 3 0 2 0 JKN 3 2 21 1 JKN 34 INC 16 Himachal Pradesh 4 14 59.2 1 0 1 0 4 0 0 4 4 4 0 BLD 57 INC 39 Punjab 13 79 70.1 1 1 3 0 2 0 13 0 0 3 3 SAD 9 9 3 0 45 0 SAD 42 INC 35 Chandigarh (UT) 1 10 67.4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 0 BLD 66 INC 28 Haryana 10 50 73.0 1 0 2 0 3 0 9 0 0 10 10 1 0 24 0 BLD 70 INC 18 Delhi (UT) 7 41 71.3 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 0 7 7 1 0 24 0 BLD 68 INC 30 Rajasthan 25 102 56.9 2 0 3 0 25 1 0 25 24 1 0 1 0 45 0 BLD 65 INC 31 CENTRAL Uttar Pradesh 85 443 56.4 2 0 13 0 3 0 85 0 0 85 85 1 0 6 0 248 0 BLD 68 INC 25 Madhya Pradesh 40 152 54.9 0 3 0 1 1^a 38 1 0 39 37 71 1 BLD 58 INC 32 EASTERN Bihar 54 340 60.8 2 0 22 0 4 0 54 0 0 52 52 JKP 1 1 17 0 188 1 BLD 65 INC 23 Orissa 21 61 44.3 1 1 5 0 2 0 20 4 0 20 15 1 0 12 1 BLD 52 INC 38 West Bengal 42 171 60.2 20 17 8 0 14 6^b 34 3 0 15 15 1 0 79 1 INC 29 CPM 26 Sikkim 1 1 - 0 0 1 1 0 0 INC 100 NORTHEASTERN Meghalaya 2 7 49.9 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 1 Ind. 64 INC 39 Assam 14 40 54.9 1 0 2 0 3 0 14 10 0 11 3 9 1 INC 51 BLD 36 Arunachal Pradesh (UT) 2 4 56.3 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 Ind. 59 INC 41 Nagaland 1 2 52.8 0 0 1 0 0 0 UDF 1 1 UDF 52 INC 48 Manipur 2 11 60.1 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 MRP 2 0 3 0 INC 45 MRP 23 Mizoram (UT) 1 4 49.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 Ind. 63 INC 37 Tripura 2 8 70.1 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 INC 40 CPM 34 And. & Nic. Is. (UT) 1 2 70.1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 INC 58 Ind. 42 WESTERN Gujarat 26 112 59.2 0 0 26 10 0 26 16 60 0 BLD 50 INC 47 D. & N.H. (UT) 1 3 68.5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 INC 47 BLD 32 Maharashtra 48 211 60.3 3 3 4 0 12 6^c 47 20 0 31 19 114 0 INC 47 BLD 31 Goa, Daman, & Diu (UT) 2 15 62.8 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 MAG 2 1 9 0 MAG 41 INC 40 SOUTHERN Karnataka 28 98 63.2 0 3 0 2 0 28 26 0 28 2 37 0 INC 57 BLD 40 Andhra Pradesh 42 165 62.5 6 0 10 0 1 0 42 41 0 37 1 2 0 2 0 67 0 INC 57 BLD 32 Tamil Nadu 39 195 67.1 2 0 3 3 1 0 15 14 18 3 0 ADK 20 18 19 1^f 117 0 ADK 31 INC 22 Pondichery (UT) 1 4 73.6 0 0 0 1 0 0 ADK 1 1 2 0 ADK 53 INCO 44 Kerala 20 63 79.2 9 0 4 4 2 1^d 11 11 0 3 0 MUL 7 2 2 2^g 25 0 INC 29 CPM 20 Lakshadweep (UT) 1 2 84.6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 INC 59 Ind. 41 INDIA 542 2,439 60.5 53 22 91 7 51 14 492 154 19 3 405 295 All 54 34 50 4 1,224 9 BLD 41 INC 35

Notes: ^aRPK 1. ^bFBL 3. RSP 3. ^cPWP 5, RPK 1. ^dRSP 1. ^eJNP represents a coalition of the BJS, BLD, CFD, and SOC. ^fDMK 1. ^gKC 2.

IX.B.7.b. ELECTIONS TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES, March 1977–October 1979

(For conventions and key to abbreviations, see column to left.)

Parties to Left of INCIState/UT Date of Election No. of Seats Turnout (%) CPM CPI Others INCI (from Nov. '77) INC JNP^d All Other Parties Independents Leading Party with % Votes Kerala March '77 140 79.2 17 23 RSP 9 Oth. 0 38 6 KC 20 MUL 13 9 CPM 22 MLO 3 KCP 2 Bihar June '77 324 50.5 4 21 SSD 1 Oth. 0 57 214 JKD 2 JKP 1 24 JNP 43 Haryana " 90 64.5 0 0 Oth. 0 3 75 VHP 5 7 JNP 47 Himachal Pradesh " 68 71.1 0 0 - 9 53 - 6 JNP 49 Madhya Pradesh " 320 52.7 0 0 Oth. 0 84 230 RRP 1 Oth. 0 5 JNP 47 Orissa " 147 41.7 1 1 Oth. 0 26 110 Oth. 0 9 JNP 49 Punjab " 116 65.4 8 7 Oth. 0 17 25 SAD 58 Oth. 0 2 INC 34 Rajasthan " 200 54.4 1 1 - 41 151 Oth. 0 6 JNP 50 Tamil Nadu " 234 64.8 12 5 FBL 1 27 10 ADK 130 DMK 48 1 ADK 30 Uttar Pradesh " 425 46.1 1 9 Oth. 0 47 352 Oth. 0 16 JNP 48 West Bengal " 294 56.1 178 2 FBL 25 RSP 20 20 29 MUL 1Oth. 0 10 CPM 36 SUC 4 Oth. 5^b Delhi (UT) " 56 55.9 0 0 Oth. 0 10 46 Oth. 0 0 JNP 53 G., D., & D. (UT)^a " 30 63.2 - 0 - 10 3 MAG 15 2 MAG 58 Pondicherry (UT)^a " 30 74.3 - 1 - 2 7 ADK 14 DMK 3 3 ADK 31 Jammu & Kashmir July '77 76 67.7 - 0 11 13 JKN 47 JMI 1 4 JKN 46 Nagaland Nov. '77 60 83.3 - - - 15 - - UDF 35 NCN 1 9 UDF 39 Tripura Dec. '77 60 79.5 51 0 RSP 2 FBL 1 0 - 0 TUS 4 Oth. 0 2 CPM 47 Andhra Pradesh Feb. '78 294 72.9 8 6 Oth. 0 175 30 60 Oth. 0 15 INCI 39 Assam^a " 126 66.9 11 5 RCP 4 Oth. 0 8 26 53 PTC 4 Oth. 0 15 JNP 28 Karnataka " 224 71.9 0 3 RPI 1 149 2 59 Oth. 0 10 INCI 44 Maharashtra^a " 288 67.6 9 1 PWP 13 Oth. 7^c 62 69 99 Oth. 0 28 JNP 28 Meghalaya^a " 60 67.2 - 0 - 0 20 0 AHL 16 HPD 14 10 INC 29 Arunachal Prad. (UT) " 30 73.2 - - - 0 - 17 PPA 8 5 JNP 42 Mizoram (UT) May '78 30 63.3 - - - - - - PPC 22 8 PPC 38 Mizoram (UT) April '79 30 68.3 - - - 5 - 2 PPC 18 5 PPC 33 Sikkim^a Oct. '79 32 65.1 0 - SCR 11 0 - 0 SJP 16 SPC 4 1 SJP 32

Notes: ^a See Political Conspectus of South Asia for parties and coalitions forming the government following this election. ^b MFB 2, RCP 2, and BBC 1. ^c FBL 3, and RPK 2. ^dJNP represents a coalition of the BJS, BLD, CFD, and SOC.

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